UNIQUE KRUGER POND OF 1898

A Unique Kruger pond with a 9 overstamp has recently been sold for an estimated R 20 million. The coin has an interesting history.

In 1899 Kruger pond dies were seized by the British in Lourenço Marques during their occupation of Pretoria.
In the absence of these dies, the 1898 dies had to be reused.
In order to confirm the wartime re-opening of the mint, it was resolved to overstamp 1898 pounds with a 99 overstamp beneath Kruger’s bust.
The mint master had 130 of these 1898 pounds overstamped.
On 2 November 1899 the first coin was struck with a single 9 and it was resolved to use a smaller punch for the rest of the coins.
The single 9 pound also depicts an “M”on the obverse.

In 1899 this coin was presented by the ZAR government to Mr. C.E. Macrum, the American consul general in Pretoria. The pond was also in the collection of the late King Farouk who bought the coin in Paris.
In 1954 the coin was sold at a Sotheby auction as part of a lot for R650. Dr. Froelich of Port Elizabeth thereafter bought the coin for 655 Egyptian pounds.
In 1969 it was again sold by auction as part of the late Dr. Froelich’s collection for R2530.
During 1981 and 1983 it was sold by postal auction for R45 000 and R132 000 respectively.
In 1999 the centenary of the Boer War it was sold for R4,65 million and two years later for R9,8 million. A couple of months ago it was sold for an estimated R20 million.

ROMAN EMPERORS REIGN AND LEGENDS ON COINS

These often appear with abbreviations, especially for titles of honor. In some cases these words are completely spelled out. The order of words varies with different coins. Thus, IMP may appear as the first word in some cases, as the last in others. Consequently some of the words used here may not be present on all inscriptions. This is especially true of coins issued during the early period of an extended reign. The examples given below are the most common but by no means the only possible combination as titles were frequently added. Commemorative pieces may have different legends.


Augustus 14 B.C.-A.D. 27 CAESAR AVGVSTVS
Nero 54-68 NERO CLAVDIVS CAES AVG GERM
Galba 68-69 IMP SER GALBA CAES
Civil War (68 – 69)
Otho 69 IMP M OTHO CAES AVG
Vitellius 69 VITELLIVS GERM IMP AVG
Vespasian 69-79 IMP CAES VESP AVG
Titus 79-81 T CAES VESPASIAN IMP
Domitian 81-96 IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM
Nerva 96-98 IMP NERVA CAES AVG
Trajan 98-117 IMP CAES NERVA TRAIANO AVG GERM
Hadrian 117-138 IMP CAES TRAIAN HADRIANVS AVG
Antoninus Pius 138-161 ANTONINVS AVG PIVS
Marcus Aurelius 161-180 M ANTONINVS AVG ARM
Lucius Verus 161-169 IMP CAES L AVREL VERVS AVG
Commodus 180-192 M COMMODVS ANTONINVS AVG PIVS
Pertinax 193 IMP CAES P HELV PERTINAX AVG
Didius Julianus 193 IMP CAES M DID SEVER IVLIAN AVG
Clodius Albinus 193-197 D CLOD SEPT ALB CAES
Septimius Severus 193-211 IMP CAES L SEPT SEV PERT AVG
Caracalla 198-217 ANTONINVS PIVS AVG GERM
Geta 209-212 P SEPT GETA CAES
Macrinus 217-218 IMP C M OPEL SEV MACRINVS AVG
Elagabalus 218-222 ANTONINVS PIVS FEL AVG
Severus Alexander 222-235 IMP SEV ALEXAND AVG
Maximinus 1 235- 238 MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG GERM
Gordianus 1, Africanus 238 IMP CAES M ANT GORDIANVS AFR AVG
Gordianus 11, Africanus 238 IMP CAES M ANT GORDIANVS AFR AVG
Balbinus 238 IMP CAES D CAEL BALBINVS AVG
Pupienus 238 IMP CAES M CLOD PVPIENVS AVG
Gordianus 111, Pius 238-244 IMP CAES GORDIANVS PIVS AVG
Philip 1 244-249 IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG
Philip 11 244-249 M IVL PHILIPPVS CAES
Trajan Decius 249-251 IMP C M Q TRIANVS DECIVS AVG
Hostilian 251 IMP CAE C VAL HOS MES QVINTVS N C
Trebonianus Gallus 251-254 IMP CAES C VIB TREVONIANVS GALLVS AVG
Volusian 252-254 IMP CAE C VIB VOLVSIANO AVG
Aemilian 253-254 IMP CAES AEMILIANVS PF AVG
Valerian 254-260 IMP C P LIC VALERIANVS AVG
Gallienus 253-268 IMP C P LIC GALLIENVS PF AVG
Postumus 259-267 IMP C POSTVMVS PF AVG
Victorinus 265-270 IMP C VICTORINVS PF AVG
Quintillus 270 IMP C M AVR QVINTILLVS AVG
Tetricus 1 270-273 IMP C TETRICVS PV AVG
Tetricus 11 270-273 C P ESV TETRICVS CAES
Claudius 11 Gothicus 268-270 IMP C CLAVDIVS AVG
Aurelian 270-275 IMP C L DOM AVRELLIANVS PF AVG
Tacitus 275-276 IMP C M CL TACITVS AVG
Florianus 276 IMP C MAN FLORIANVS AVG
Probus 276-282 IMP C PROBVS PF AVG
Carus 282 -283 IMP C M AVR CARVS PF AVG
Numerian 283-284 IMP C NVMERIANVS PF AVG
Carinus 283-285 M AVR CARINVS NOB CAES
Diocletian 284-304 IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG
Maximianus 1 284-305 IMP CMA MAXIMIANVS PF AVG
Carausius 287-293 IMP C CARAVSIVS PF AVG
Allectus 293-296 IMP C ALLECTVS PF AVG
Constantius 1, Chlorus 293-306 CONSTANTIVS PF AVG
Galerius Maximianus 293-311 IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS PF AVG
Severus 11 305-307 IMP C SEVERVS PF AVG
Maximinus 11, Daza 305-314 IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMINVS PF AVG
Maxentius 306-312 IMP C MAXENTIVS PF AVG
Licinius 1 307-324 IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS PF AVG
Constantine, the Great 306-337 CONSTANTINVS PF AVF
Constantine 11 317-340 FL CL CONSTANTINVS IVN NOB C
Constans 333-350 CONSTANS PF AVG
Constantius 11 323-361 FL IVL CONSTANTIVS PF AVG
Julian 11, the Apostate 355-363 D N FL CL IVLIANVS NOB C
Jovian 363-364 D N IOVIANVS PF AVG
Valentinian 1 364-375 D N VALENTINIANVS PF AVG
Valens 364- 378 D N VALENS PF AVG
Gratian 367-383 D N GRATIANVS PF AVG
Valentinian 11 375-392 DN VALENTINIANVS IVN PF AVG
Theodosius 1 379-395 D N THEODOSIVS PF AVG
Magnus Maximus 383-388 DN MAG MAXIMVS PF AVG
Honorius 393-423 D N HONORIVS PF AVG
Johannes 423-425 
Majorian 457-461
Libius Severus 461-465
Anthemius 467-472
Glycerius 473-474
Julius Nepos 474-475
Romulus 475-476

Tiberius A.D.14-37 TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVG 
Caligula 37-41 C CAESAR AVG GERM 
Claudius 41-54 TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG
Civil war (193 – 197)
Valentinian 111 425-455
Avitus 455-456


Full Imperial Titles used on Roman coins

AVG or AVGG – Augustus or Augustii. Emperor or EmperorsCAES – Caesar. EmperorCOS – Consul. Refer to one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman state.
DN - Dominus Noster
IMP – Imperator. General. Commander – in - Chief of the army
PP – Pater Patriae. Father of his Country
PF – Pius Felix. Pious. Happy
PM – Pontifex Maximus. High Priest
SC – Senatus Consulto. By order on the Senate
TR P - Tribunicia Potestas. Tribunician power

Coins minted during the two civil war periods are scarce as well as those of Gordianus 1.

VELDPOND BOER WAR SIEGE ISSUE

The issue of siege coins has been recorded on more than 130 occasions. These makeshift coins include silver and even gold pieces crudely cut from confiscated plate and stamped with an impression of value, usually bearing the civic arms. "Siege"is derived from the Latin word "obsidium" and is used to describe coins produced by the defenders of besieged towns. The first record of this practise comes from the Siege of Tyre during the first crusade in 1122 when stamped pieces of leather were used as money. At Faenza (1240) and Leiden (1573-74) leather coins were also issued when the bindings of hymn books were circulated. The first metal pieces were uniface lead coins produced in Saint-Omen in 1477. This custom was not confined to Europe. Paper notes were produced during the siege of Khartoum in 1885 and also during the Boer War at Mafiking in 1900.

Towards the end of 1901,the British forces were spread over the Boer republics. The Boers, now on the losing side fought a hopeless battle. The Z.A.R. government was already in the field with its forces and cut off from all supplies. There was a critical shortage of coinage. Money was urgently needed by the Boer forces to buy provisions such as maize and wheat from the black tribes. Paper money was unacceptable to the blacks. To make matters worse, almost the entire supply of paper money had been lost in an earlier skirmish with the British.

Due to the acute shortage of coinage and the urgent need to purchase provisions, a mint was established in the field at Pilgrim`s Rest, situated in the centre of the then known alluvial goldfields. It had been out of operation for some time and gold panning was re-established. There were several deserted mining workshops with machinery from which the required minting equipment could be contrived. A Mint Commission was appointed with P.J. Kloppers, an ex teacher as head of the state mint in the field. Permission was obtained from the government of the republic to proceed with its operations.
a Hand press was improvised and discs of almost 24 carat gold manufactured. To give the coins a professional appearance flat discs with a milled edge were used. The coins were struck from hand-made dies. Two steel cylinders were heated and then cooled slowly to soften the steel. "Z.A.R. 1902" was engraved on the obverse and "EEN POND" on the reverse with a small chisel. The dies had to be reheated and cooled rapidly to harden them so that the wording could be impressed onto the gold blanks. The dies cracked on several occasions while being cooled. The seventh attempt at hardening was so successful that the dies could be used repeatedly without showing any signs of wear. The milled edge was created by filing neat grooves on the inside of a small ring. This was then also heated and rapidly cooled to harden and then attached to one of the cylinders.
For this homemade mint, flat discs were punched out of gold sheeting, then laid on the bottom die inside the ring. The gold blank was then pressed between the top and bottom dies by the hand press. The pressure on the blank was enough to force it into the grooves of the ring and the depressions of the chiseled letters of the coinage dies.
With the aid of a smelting furnace obtained from an old mine the gold was refined to almost 100 per cent purity. The gold value of the veldpond was hence slightly higher than that of the British sovereign.
Counterfeits of the field pounds exist. Forgeries were made as early as 1903. Coin weights are known to vary from 7,544 to 8,508 grams. The weight and the number of flutes around the coin`s edge are not always conclusive evidence, for the mass varied and the number of grooves in the milling also varied between 72 and 79. The shape and breadth of the letters and figures as well as the spacing give some clue. It takes an expert eye to spot fakes.
Only 986 coins were struck. They are extremely rare.

GRIQUAS DOVE MONEY

Griquatown is located in the Northern Cape Province, approximately 120 kilometers west of the chief town Kimberley. It occupies an area 50 000 sq. km. It is situated north of the Orange River and west of Orange Free State province. It is a semi-desert country, noted for its diamond fields.

The Griquas or "basters" originated from a mixture of slave, Hottentot and European blood. They were not permitted to mingle with the white society in the Cape and eventually settled in the area south of the Orange River. In 1803, persuaded by missionaries they settled at Klaarwater, north of the Orange River, near the present day Kimberley. They were good hunters and drove the Bushmen and other tribes from the area. At Klaarwater they focused on farming and barter, exchanging their ivory, skins and ostrich feathers for articles such as sugar, coffee and ammunition.
At the same time European traders begin to move deeper into the interior beyond the borders of the Cape of Good Hope Colony.

In 1812 Klaarwater's name was changed to Griquatown and "baster" was replaced by Griqua. This was done on recommendation by the Rev. John Campbell of the London Missionary Society. He also suggested the implementation of a coin system to promoting the trade of the community.

Dove money were issued by the London Missionary Society and denominated on the British system.

The following undated denominations of dove money were struck in 1815 and 1816 at Birmingham:

10 pence silver
5 pence silver portrayed as "11111"
Half penny copper
Quarter penny copper

The word "Griqua" appears in a semi-circle above the figures and at the bottom of the circle the word "Town". All the coins portray the dove of peace with an olive branch in its beak on the reverse.

 Pattern coins

In 1890 two pattern types of dove money were struck by Otto Nolte & Co. in Berlin for advertising purposes. On the obverse of the penny appears the "young head" of Queen Victoria, the same legend as the Cape of Good Hope pattern penny. The reverse depicts the dove of peace bearing an olive branch, the emblem of the London Missionary Society.

There are two variations:

The smooth edge bronze penny is dated 1890 with "Griqua Town" above the dove and 3 small stars on either side. The diameter is 1.22, thickness 0.085 and weight 165.75 g.

The undated bronze penny with the word "Griqua" above the dove and below it "town". On either side of the dove is a small star. Details are the same as above with the exception of the weight which is 162.25 g.

The following dove money patterns also exist:

10 pence copper
5 pence copper
Half penny lead and a variation with the “½” in thick figures.   

Quarter penny lead

The following patterns have been recorded and are probably unique.

¼ penny copper gilt, diam. 1.04

¼ penny copper gilt, diam. 0.89

1 penny struck in nickel

The Griqua dove money had a short and limited circulation in Griqualand West. The entire Griqua population consisted of approximately 1260 people. They had no idea of metallic coin or a metallic standard. The extent of their trade with the Colony was a mere 50 pounds a year. The experiment was not a success and the coins were withdrawn. They are extremely rare today.

MAUNDY MONEY OF BRITAIN

Maundy is the religious ceremony of washing the feet of the poor and so commemorating Jesus Christ`s act of washing the feet of his disciples. On Maundy Holy Thursday the day before Good Friday, Christ washed the feet of his disciples and ordered them to follow his example. Pious Christians memorialized this event and it became a custom for kings, clergymen and nobles to observe this day by washing the feet of beggars and the poor and also provide them with food, clothes and money.

The issue has consisted of silver 1,2,3 and 4 penny pieces since the reign of Charles 11. However, the first English king who observed this colorful custom, is believed to have been King Edward who reigned early in the 14 th century.

These small silver coins are a special ceremonial issue, struck each year for use at the traditional ceremony on Maundy Thursday. On this occasion the reigning monarch or a representative distributes these coins to a selected group of elderly women and men. The amount distributed to each person ( in pence ) is equal to the present age of the monarch.

As time passes more details were omitted from the ceremony. When George V presented the maundy money in person in 1923, he was the first king to do so in well over 200 years. Consequently at the coronation of Elizabeth 11 in 1953 when she turned 27, she presented 27 women and 27 men each 27 pence in maundy money.
The word "maundy" derives its name from the Latin mandatum, which means a mandate or command.

Separate sets are issued by the royal mint for collectors.

The very small crowned silver one and a half pence's are sometimes mistaken for maundy coins. They are not English coins but were issued specially for circulation in Jamaica and Ceylon, now Sri Lanka.

From the reign of William until 1944 during the reign of George v1, silver threepence's were struck for currency. Until 1927 they were identical in design to the maundy threepence's.

The maundy coins are sharper strikes and almost proof like in appearance.

Although the 1836-37 William four pence's are from the homeland type, they were struck for British Guiana. The Victorian young head four pence's were introduced for circulation in both Great Britain and British Guiana.

The 1888 jubilee head 4 pence was exclusively produced for use in British Guiana and the West Indies.

MOTHER THERESA THALERS OR DOLLARS

These silver thalers first issued in 1780 are among the most famous coins in the world. This unofficial trade dollar, portraying the Empress Theresa with the date frozen at 1780 (the year of her death) has been struck intermittently since 1781 to modern times at many world mints.
It has been used far beyond the borders of Austria in many areas that lacked a firm local coinage. This coin was the recognized currency in the Middle East and in a number of African countries. The Austrian Republic continued to issue the Mother Theresa thalers long after the abdication of the last Hapsburg emperor. All the thalers have been dated 1780 regardless of the year they were minted. Some scholars can discern minute differences so accurately that they can readily determine the period of any thaler. They are fairly common and are often incorporated in jewelry.
The original thalers were struck at the Gunzburg mint.

Since then thalers have been struck at the following mints:

• Vienna until 1956 and thereafter, mainly to satisfy the demand from Arabian countries.


• Milan and Venice - 19th century


• Rome 1935-39 - For use in Ethiopia after Italy`s conquest in the 1930`s.


• Florence - 1935-39


• Paris -1935-57


• London - 1936-61


• Birmingham - 1949-55


• Brussels - 1937-57


• Bombay - 1940-41


• Prague until 1975

• Leningrad until 1975

An estimated 800 million were struck to date.

Mother Theresa Proof Thaler

BENEFITS OF COIN GRADING AND ENCAPSULATING SERVICES

Coin grading is the process of determining the state of preservation and general wear of a coin as well as to establishing the market value of the coin. In the United States coins are graded by a number of commercial bodies made up of experts and are then encapsulated in plastic holders. As recently as a few decades ago the coin market was limited to a small group of collectors. The pricing system at that time was much more elementary than today. The shift in emphasis from collecting to investing has created new markets and demands for coins, resulting in more stringent and comprehensive grading methods. Coin grading was introduced mainly due to the inconsistency in prices and the need to standardize.
Over grading of coins by dishonest or unqualified dealers remains a dilemma. Extreme caution is advised for anyone considering an investment in rare coins. Seek professional non-biased help with grading determinations. Standard grading methods are used by grading services ensuring an accurate and fair assessment. The authenticity of coins regarding their general condition can readily be determined. Adjustments in dates, mint marks, alterations, and even coins that had been cleaned in the distant past can easily be detected. They also assist in detecting small flaws in coins which can have a major effect on the value of that coin.
Be aware to check the credibility of the grading service. They should be consistent and accurate, following the strict guidelines as set out by the American Numismatic Association.

Benefits of encapsulating coins:

Counterfeits are virtually eliminated.
Coins are priced accurately and fairly.
Coins are sealed in airtight plastic capsules preventing environmental damage.
Ensures authenticity.
Tamper proof.
The quality of the coin is guaranteed.
Provide unique identification.
Cased in chemically inert plastic capsules.

The only disadvantage is that it removes the joy of ever being able to handle the coin.